Long COVID

Long COVID refers to a range of symptoms that develop or continue for an extended period after a person has recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19. According to the World Health Organization, Long COVID is defined as symptoms that:

• Begin within three months of a COVID-19 infection
• Last for at least two months
• Cannot be explained by another condition

Symptoms can vary widely, often affect multiple organ systems, and may come and go over time. Long COVID can affect anyone—regardless of age, prior health status, or severity of the initial infection.

Studies estimate that 10–30% of people who have had COVID-19 experience lingering symptoms.

While anyone can develop Long COVID, it is more commonly seen in:

• Women
• People over the age of 35
• Individuals with underlying health conditions
• Those who experienced severe COVID-19 illness

Even young, previously healthy individuals may experience Long COVID.

The symptoms of Long COVID are often complex and multi-systemic. They may affect a patient’s ability to work, exercise, concentrate, or simply go about their daily life.

Some of the most common symptoms include:

Respiratory Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Reduced ability to exercise

Neurological and Cognitive Symptoms

• “Brain fog” or trouble concentrating
• Headaches
• Memory problems
• Sleep disturbances
• Dizziness

Cardiovascular Symptoms

• Chest pain
• Palpitations
• Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

General Symptoms

• Severe fatigue
• Malaise after physical or mental effort
• Muscle and joint pain

Other Symptoms

• Gastrointestinal issues like nausea or diarrhea
• Menstrual cycle changes
• Skin rashes
• Anxiety and depression

These symptoms can appear in various combinations and often fluctuate over time.

Researchers are still working to understand the root causes of Long COVID. While there is no single explanation, several possible factors include:

• Persistent viral fragments that continue to stimulate the immune system
• Autoimmune responses triggered by the virus
• Damage to the autonomic nervous system affecting heart rate and blood pressure
• Inflammation in blood vessels or organs
• Reactivation of other viruses, such as Epstein-Barr

Because the condition affects each patient differently, personalized care is key.

There is currently no single test to confirm Long COVID. Diagnosis is based on your history of COVID-19, your current symptoms, and the exclusion of other conditions.

Our approach at UC Health often includes:

• Thorough clinical evaluations
• Lab work or imaging to rule out other causes
•  Referrals to specialists, including pulmonology, cardiology, and neurology

There is no one-size-fits-all treatment for Long COVID, but many symptoms can be managed with the right care and support.

UC Health offers a patient-centered approach that may include:

• Pacing and energy management, especially for fatigue and post-exertional malaise
• Physical therapy tailored to avoid overexertion
• Cognitive rehabilitation for brain fog and memory challenges
• Medications to manage symptoms like POTS, pain, or sleep disruption
• Mental health support, including counseling and behavioral therapy
• Coordinated care through multidisciplinary Long COVID teams

Each patient receives a care plan designed around their specific symptoms and needs.

Research studies are working to:

• Understand the biological basis of Long COVID
• Develop diagnostic tests and biomarkers
• Explore new treatments, including antivirals and anti-inflammatories

While some patients improve gradually, others continue to face relapsing or persistent symptoms. At UC Health, we are dedicated to staying on the front lines of research and care to offer hope and healing to every patient.

If you or a loved one is still feeling unwell long after recovering from COVID-19, talk to your primary care provider. Persistent symptoms—especially fatigue, brain fog, breathing issues, or chest pain—may be signs of Long COVID. UC Health providers can connect you with the right specialists and services to support your recovery.

At UC Health, our mission is to provide compassionate, research-driven care for every stage of illness and recovery. Long COVID may be complex, but you don’t have to face it alone. Patients experiencing lingering symptoms after COVID-19 are encouraged to contact UC Health to learn more about available clinical trials and care options.

If you are experiencing symptoms of Long COVID, schedule a visit with a primary care physician at 513-475-8001 or find a provider online - https://www.uchealth.com/en/find-a-provider?primary-care).